Crude birth rate is the nativity or childbirths per 1,000 people per year.[1] 100000
According to the United Nations' World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision Population Database, crude birth rate is the Number of births over a given period divided by the person-years lived by the population over that period. It is expressed as number of births per 1,000 population. CBR = (births in a period / population of person-years over that period).
According to the Dictionary of Geography by Audrey Clark, crude birth rate is also known as natural increase. It ranges from 12 to 50 per 1000 people. Furthermore, Clark describes that there is only a small tendency for birth-rates to fall even with more usage of birth control. During the period of 1960 to 1980, the world population has fallen 2% to 1.7 per cent per annum in the 1980s.
It can be represented by number of childbirths in that year, and p is the current population. This figure is combined with the crude death rate to produce the rate of natural population growth (natural in that it does not take into account net migration).
Another indicator of fertility that is frequently used is the total fertility rate, which is the average number of children born to each woman over the course of her life. In general, the total fertility rate is a better indicator of (current) fertility rates because unlike the crude birth rate it is not affected by the age distribution of the population. Fertility rates tend to be higher in less economically developed countries and lower in more economically developed countries.
| Years | CBR | Years | CBR |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1950-1955 | 37.2 | 2000-2005 | 21.2 |
| 1955-1960 | 35.3 | 2005-2010 | 20.3 |
| 1960-1965 | 34.9 | 2010-2015 | 19.4 |
| 1965-1970 | 33.4 | 2015-2020 | 18.2 |
| 1970-1975 | 30.8 | 2020-2025 | 16.9 |
| 1975-1980 | 28.4 | 2025-2030 | 15.8 |
| 1980-1985 | 27.9 | 2030-2035 | 15.0 |
| 1985-1990 | 27.3 | 2035-2040 | 14.5 |
| 1990-1995 | 24.7 | 2040-2045 | 14.0 |
| 1995-2000 | 22.5 | 2045-2050 | 13.4 |
The birth rate is an item of concern and policy for a number of national governments. Some, including those of Italy and Malaysia, seek to increase the national birth rate using measures such as financial incentives or provision of support services to new mothers. Conversely, others aim to reduce the birth rate. For example, China's One child policy; measures such as improved information about and availability of birth control have achieved similar results in countries such as Iran.
There has also been discussion on whether bring women into the forefront of development initiatives will lead to a decline in birth rates. In some places, government policies have been focused on reducing birth rates through improving women's sexual and reproductive health and rights. Typically, high birth rates has been associated with health impairments and low life expectancy, low living standards, low status of women, and low levels of education. There are claims that as countries go through economic development and social change, population growth such as birth rate declines. Family programmes become widely accepted and birth rates decline
In 1974 at the World Population Conference in Bucharest, women's issues gained considerable attention. family programmes were seriously discussed and 137 countries drafted a World Population Plan of Action. In the discussion, many countries accepted modern birth control, such as the pill and the condom, but opposed abortion. In 1994, Another Action plan was drafted in Cairo under the United Nations. They discussed the concern on population and the need to incorporate women into the discourse. They agreed that a need to improve women's status, initiatives in defence of reproductive health and freedom, the environment, and sustainable socio-economic development were needed.
Generally, birth rate is calculated using live birth counts from a universal system of registration of births, deaths, and marriages, and population counts from a census or using estimation through specialized demographic techniques. Birth rate is also commonly used to calculate population growth. It is combined with death rates and migration rates to calculate population growth.
As for 2009, the average birth rate for the whole world is 19.95 per year per 1000 total population. Birth rate from 2003 to 2009 shows that there has been a -.48% decline from 2003's world birth rate of 20.43 per 1000 total population. According to the CIA - The World Factbook, the country with the highest birth rate currently is Niger at 51.6 births per 1000 people. The country with the lowest birth rate is Japan at 7.64 births per 1000 people. (Hong Kong as a Special Administrative Region of China is at 7.42 births per 1000 people.) As compared to the 1950s (birth rate was at 36 births per 1000 in the 1950s[3]), birth rate has declined by 16 births per 1000 people.
Countries with birth rates ranging from 10-20 births per 1000 is considered low and countries ranging from 40-50 births per 1000 is considered high. There are problems associated with both an extremely high birth rate and extremely low birth rate. High birth rates could cause stress on the government welfare and family programs to support the youthful population. Further problems of a country with a high birth rate include: how to educate growing number of children, creating jobs for these children when they grow up to be working age, and dealing with the environmental effects that a large population can produce. Low birth rates can also put stress on the government to prove adequate senior welfare systems and also the stress on families to support the elders themselves. There will be less children or working age population to support the constantly growing aging population.
No comments:
Post a Comment